tags: animal victim, farm, biowarfare, not terrorism
*Timeline
April 23, 2015 Gov. Dayton declares state of emergency over bird flu outbreak
Minneapolis Star Tribune
April 21, 2015 Avian flu crisis grows for poultry producers throughout USA USA Today3 days ago - Meanwhile, mega turkey producer Hormel Food Corp. confirmed that avian flu is causing significant supply chain problems in its Jennie-O ...
Avian Flu Found on Turkey Farms Supplying Butterball - WSJ The Wall Street JournalMar 11, 2015 - A highly contagious strain of bird flu has infected Arkansas and Missouri turkey farms that supply Butterball LLC, escalating a multistate ...
April 21, 2015 Hormel Foods warns avian flu impacting turkey supply KARE3 days ago - Turkey producer Hormel Foods confirms the avian flu outbreak is leading to significant supply chain problems for its Jennie-O Turkey Store ...
Avian Flu Found on Turkey Farms Supplying Butterball - WSJ The Wall Street JournalMar 11, 2015 - A highly contagious strain of bird flu has infected Arkansas and Missouri turkey farms that supply Butterball LLC, escalating a multistate ...
April 21, 2015 Hormel Foods warns avian flu impacting turkey supply KARE3 days ago - Turkey producer Hormel Foods confirms the avian flu outbreak is leading to significant supply chain problems for its Jennie-O Turkey Store ...
Serious strain of Avian flu found in MN turkey flock - Kare 11 KAREMar 6, 2015 - Federal officials say a serious strain of Avian flu has been found in a Minnesota commercial turkey flock.
Jan 23, 2013 Bird flu studies, halted over terrorism fear, to resume Scientists around the world declared an end on Wednesday to a moratorium on researching mutant forms of the deadly H5N1 bird flu that had raised international biosecurity concerns. All research into H5N1 transmission was halted in January 2012 after teams at the University of Wisconsin in the United States and at the Dutch Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam created mutant forms that can be transmitted directly among mammals, meaning they could in theory also pass between people. bird flu can be transmitted from birds to birds, and birds to humans, but not from humans to humans. When it does pass from birds to humans, it is usually fatal.
January 2012 Bird flu studies, halted over terrorism fear, to resume All research into H5N1 transmission was halted in January 2012 after teams at the University of Wisconsin in the United States and at the Dutch Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam created mutant forms that can be transmitted directly among mammals When it does pass from birds to humans, it is usually fatal.
World War I sabotage of horses by German Spy:
1915-1916: Anton Casimir Dilger (13 February 1884 – 17 October 1918) was a German-American physician, and the main proponent of the German biological warfare sabotage program during World War I. By the time World War I began, Dilger was in Germany, but he returned to the United States in 1915 with cultures of anthrax and glanders with the intention of biological sabotage on behalf of the German government's biological sabotage officer Rudolf Nadolny. The U.S. was then neutral, but Germany wanted to prevent neutral countries from supplying Allied forces with livestock, and the fact that Dilger had a US passport from 1908 onward made it easy for him to travel to and from America. Along with his brother Carl, Dilger established a laboratory in the Chevy Chase district north of Washington, DC in which cultures of the causative agents of anthrax and glanders—Bacillus anthracis and Burkholderia mallei—were produced. A 1941 report reveals that the bacteria were to be painted onto the nostrils of horses. In America, Baltimore stevedores who were at first recruited by German officers to plant incendiary devices among ships and wharves were eventually given bottles of liquid culture with orders to inoculate horses near Van Cortland Park. The stevedores claimed to have done the deed with rubber gloves and needles. The U.S. biological sabotage program is estimated to have ended sometime in late 1916, after which Anton returned to Germany.
[PDF]USDA Confirms H5N2 Avian Influenza in ... - APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUSDA Confirms H5N2 Avian Influenza in Commercial Turkey Flock in Minnesota. First Finding in the Mississippi Flyway. The United States Department of ... The United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza in a commercial turkey flock in Pope County, Minnesota. This is the first finding in the Mississippi flyway. It is the same strain of avian influenza that has been confirmed in backyard and wild birds in Washington, Oregon and Idaho as part of the ongoing incident in the Pacific flyway. Avian influenza (AI) is caused by an influenza type A virus which can infect poultry (such as chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, domestic ducks, geese, and guinea fowl) and is carried by free flying waterfowl such as ducks, geese and shorebirds. The H5N8 virus originated in Asia and spread rapidly along wild bird migratory pathways during 2014, including the Pacific flyway. The new H5N1 virus is not the same virus as the H5N1 virus found in Asia, Europe and Africa that has caused some human illness.
Avian Influenza: Just the Facts - Turkey Farmers of Canada Avian Influenza: Just the Facts. Avian Influenza: Just the Facts. © 2015 CanadianTurkey Marketing Agency c.o.b. Turkey Farmers of Canada. All Rights ... Avian flu has never been passed on to humans as the result of eating properly cooked poultry or eggs Depopulated birds are not sold for use as food. When using proper cooking methods, microorganisms associated with the avian flu virus are inactivated
What Consumers Need to Know About Avian Influenza Food and Drug Administration Questions and Answers on Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Food Safety; about bird flu, infected birds, eating eggs, FDA advises against eating eggs that have not ...
Avian influenza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Avian influenza — known informally as avian flu or bird flu — refers to "influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds." The version with the greatest concern is ..
*Wikipedia 4/24/2015
Avian influenza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the H5N1 subtype of Avian influenza, see Influenza A virus subtype H5N1. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species.[1]
| Influenza (Flu) |
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Avian influenza — known informally as avian flu or bird flu — refers to "influenza caused by viruses adapted tobirds."[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The version with the greatest concern is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).
"Bird flu" is a phrase similar to "swine flu," "dog flu," "horse flu," or "human flu" in that it refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. All known viruses that cause influenza in birds belong to the species influenza A virus. All subtypes (but not all strains of all subtypes) of influenza A virus are adapted to birds, which is why for many purposes avian flu virus is the influenza A virus. (Note, however, that the "A" does not stand for "avian").
Adaptation is not exclusive. Being adapted toward a particular species does not preclude adaptations, or partial adaptations, toward infecting different species. In this way, strains of influenza viruses are adapted to multiple species, though may be preferential toward a particular host. For example, viruses responsible for influenza pandemics are adapted to both humans and birds. Recent influenza research into the genes of the Spanish flu virus shows it to have genes adapted to both birds and humans, with more of its genes from birds than less deadly later pandemic strains.
While its most highly pathogenic strain (H5N1) had been spreading throughout Asia since 2003, avian influenza reached Europe in 2005, and the Middle East, as well as Africa, the following year.[8] On January 22, 2012, Chinareported its second human death due to bird flu in a month following other fatalities in Vietnam and Cambodia.[9]Companion birds in captivity and parrots are highly unlikely to contract the virus, and there has been no report of a companion bird with avian influenza since 2003. Pigeons do not contract or spread the virus.[10][11][12] 84% of affected bird populations are composed of chicken and farm birds, while the 15% is madeup of wild birds according to capture-and-release operations in the 2000s, during the SARs pandemic. The first deadly Canadian case was confirmed on January 3, 2014.[13]On December 2, 2014, two turkey farms in British Columbia, Canada, had been placed under quarantine after the Canadian Food Inspection Agency confirmed an avian flu outbreak [14]
Contents
[hide]Genetics[edit]
Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human flu viruses" and "avian flu viruses" include:
- PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a Lys.[citation needed]
- HA: (hemagglutinin): Avian influenza HA viruses bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors, while human influenza HA viruses bind alpha 2-6 sialic acid receptors.Swine influenza viruses have the ability to bind both types of sialic acid receptors. Hemagglutinin is the major antigen of the virus against which neutralizing antibodies are produced, and influenza virus epidemics are associated with changes in its antigenic structure. This was originally derived from pigs, and should technically be referred to as "pig flu" [15]
Subtypes[edit]
There are many subtypes of avian influenza viruses, but only some strains of five subtypes have been highly pathogenic in humans. These are types H5N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, and H9N2.[16] At least one person, an elderly woman in Jiangxi Province, China, died of pneumonia in December 2013 from the H10N8 strain, the first human fatality confirmed to be caused by that strain.[17]
Contraction/spreading of avian influenza[edit]
Most human contractions of the avian flu are a result of either handling dead infected birds or from contact with infected fluids. While most wild birds mainly have only a mild form of the H5N1 strain, once domesticated birds such as chickens or turkeys are infected, it could become much more deadly because the birds are often within close contact of one another. There is currently a large threat of this in Asia with infected poultry due to low hygiene conditions and close quarters. Although it is easy for humans to become infected from birds, it's much more difficult to do so from human to human without close and lasting contact.
Spreading of H5N1 from Asia to Europe is much more likely caused by both legal and illegal poultry trades than dispersing through wild bird migrations, being that in recent studies, there were no secondary rises in infection in Asia when wild birds migrate south again from their breeding grounds. Instead, the infection patterns followed transportation such as railroads, roads, and country borders, suggesting poultry trade as being much more likely. While there have been strains of avian flu to exist in the United States, such as Texas in 2004, they have been extinguished and have not been known to infect humans.
Examples of avian influenza A virus strains:[18]
| HA subtype designation | NA subtype designation | Avian influenza A viruses |
|---|---|---|
| H1 | N1 | A/duck/Alberta/35/76(H1N1) |
| H1 | N8 | A/duck/Alberta/97/77(H1N8) |
| H2 | N9 | A/duck/Germany/1/72(H2N9) |
| H3 | N8 | A/duck/Ukraine/63(H3N8) |
| H3 | N8 | A/duck/England/62(H3N8) |
| H3 | N2 | A/turkey/England/69(H3N2) |
| H4 | N6 | A/duck/Czechoslovakia/56(H4N6) |
| H4 | N3 | A/duck/Alberta/300/77(H4N3) |
| H5 | N3 | A/tern/South Africa/300/77(H4N3) |
| H5 | N4 | A/Ethiopia/300/77(H6N6) |
| H5 | N9 | A/turkey/Ontario/7732/66(H5N9) |
| H5 | N1 | A/chick/Scotland/59(H5N1) |
| H6 | N2 | A/turkey/Massachusetts/3740/65(H6N2) |
| H6 | N8 | A/turkey/Canada/63(H6N8) |
| H6 | N5 | A/shearwater/Australia/72(H6N5) |
| H6 | N6 | A/jyotichinara/Ehiopia/73(H6N6) |
| H6 | N1 | A/duck/Germany/1868/68(H6N1) |
| H7 | N7 | A/fowl plague virus/Dutch/27(H7N7) |
| H7 | N1 | A/chick/Brescia/1902(H7N1) |
| H7 | N9 | A/chick/China/2013(H7N9) |
| H7 | N3 | A/turkey/England/639H7N3) |
| H7 | N1 | A/fowl plague virus/Rostock/34(H7N1) |
| H8 | N4 | A/turkey/Ontario/6118/68(H8N4) |
| H9 | N2 | A/turkey/Wisconsin/1/66(H9N2) |
| H9 | N6 | A/duck/Hong Kong/147/77(H9N6) |
| H9 | N6 | A/duck/Hong Kong/147/77(H9N6) |
| H9 | N8 | A/manishsurpur/Malawi/149/77(H9N8) |
| H9 | N7 | A/turkey/Scotland/70(H9N7) |
| H10 | N8 | A/quail/Italy/1117/65(H10N8) |
| H11 | N6 | A/duck/England/56(H11N6) |
| H11 | N9 | A/duck/Memphis/546/74(H11N9) |
| H12 | N5 | A/duck/Alberta/60/76/(H12N5) |
| H13 | N6 | A/gull/Maryland/704/77(H13N6) |
| H14 | N4 | A/duck/Gurjev/263/83(H14N4) |
| H15 | N9 | A/shearwater/Australia/2576/83(H15N9) |
Influenza pandemic[edit]
Further information: Influenza pandemic
Pandemic flu viruses have some avian flu virus genes and usually some human flu virus genes. Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses, and were soon transferred to humans. Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible.[19] The Spanish flu virus strain may have been transmitted directly from birds to humans.[20]
In spite of their pandemic connection, avian influenza viruses are noninfectious for most species. When they are infectious, they are usually asymptomatic, so the carrier does not have any disease from it. Thus, while infected with an avian flu virus, the animal does not have a "flu". Typically, when illness (called "flu") from an avian flu virus does occur, it is the result of an avian flu virus strain adapted to one species spreading to another species (usually from one bird species to another bird species). So far as is known, the most common result of this is an illness so minor as to be not worth noticing (and thus little studied). But with the domestication of chickens and turkeys, humans have created species subtypes (domesticated poultry) that can catch an avian flu virus adapted to waterfowl and have it rapidly mutate into a form that kills over 90% of an entire flock in days, can spread to other flocks and kill 90% of them, and can only be stopped by killing every domestic bird in the area. Until H5N1 infected humans in the 1990s, this was the only reason avian flu was considered important. Since then, avian flu viruses have been intensively studied; resulting in changes in what is believed about flu pandemics, changes in poultry farming, changes in flu vaccination research, and changes in flu pandemic planning.
Influenza A/H5N1 has evolved into a flu virus strain that infects more species than any previously known strain, is deadlier than any previously known strain, and continues to evolve, becoming both more widespread and more deadly. This caused Robert G. Webster, a leading expert on avian flu, to publish an article titled "The world is teetering on the edge of a pandemic that could kill a large fraction of the human population" in American Scientist. He called for adequate resources to fight what he sees as a major world threat to possibly billions of lives.[21]
Vaccines for poultry have been formulated against several of the avian H5N1 influenza varieties. Vaccination of poultry against the ongoing H5N1 epizootic is widespread in certain countries. Some vaccines also exist for use in humans, and others are in testing, but none have been made available to civilian populations, nor are produced in quantities sufficient to protect more than a tiny fraction of the Earth's population in the event of an H5N1 pandemic outbreak. The World Health Organization has compiled a list of known clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines, including those against H5N1.H5N1[edit]
 |
Further information: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 and Transmission and infection of H5N1
The highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1 is an emerging avian influenza virus that has been causing global concern as a potential pandemic threat. It is often referred to simply as "bird flu" or "avian influenza", even though it is only one subtype of avian influenza-causing virus.
H5N1 has killed millions of poultry in a growing number of countries throughout Asia, Europe, and Africa. Health experts are concerned that the coexistence of human flu viruses and avian flu viruses (especially H5N1) will provide an opportunity for genetic material to be exchanged between species-specific viruses, possibly creating a new virulent influenza strain that is easily transmissible and lethal to humans. The mortality rate for humans with H5N1 is 60%.
Since the first H5N1 outbreak occurred in 1987, there has been an increasing number of HPAI H5N1 bird-to-human transmissions, leading to clinically severe and fatal human infections. Because a significant species barrier exists between birds and humans, though, the virus does not easily cross over to humans, though some cases of infection are being researched to discern whether human to human transmission is occurring.[19] More research is necessary to understand the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the H5N1 virus in humans. Exposure routes and other disease transmission characteristics, such as genetic and immunological factors that may increase the likelihood of infection, are not clearly understood.[22]
On January 18, 2009, a 27-year-old woman from eastern China died of bird flu, Chinese authorities said, making her the second person to die from the deadly virus at that time. Two tests on the woman were positive for H5N1 avian influenza, said the ministry, which did not say how she might have contracted the virus.[23]
Although millions of birds have become infected with the virus since its discovery, 359 humans have died from the H5N1 in twelve countries according to WHO data as of August 10, 2012.[24]
The avian flu claimed at least 300 humans in Azerbaijan, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Indonesia, Iraq, Laos, Nigeria, Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. Epidemiologists are afraid the next time such a virus mutates, it could pass from human to human; however, the current A/H5N1 virus does not transmit easily from human to human. If this form of transmission occurs, another pandemic could result. Thus, disease-control centers around the world are making avian flu a top priority. These organizations encourage poultry-related operations to develop a preemptive plan to prevent the spread of H5N1 and its potentially pandemic strains. The recommended plans center on providing protective clothing for workers and isolating flocks to prevent the spread of the virus.[25]
The Thailand outbreak of avian flu caused massive economic losses, especially among poultry workers. Infected birds were culled and slaughtered. The public lost confidence with the poultry products, thus decreasing the consumption of chicken products. This also elicited a ban from importing countries. There were, however, factors which aggravated the spread of the virus, including bird migration, cool temperature (increases virus survival) and several festivals at that time.[26]
H7N9[edit]
Further information: Influenza A virus subtype H7N9
Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 is a novel avian influenza virus first reported to have infected humans in 2013 in China.[27] Most of the reported cases of human infection have resulted in severe respiratory illness.[28] In the month following the report of the first case, more than 100 people had been infected, an unusually high rate for a new infection; a fifth of those patients had died, a fifth had recovered, and the rest remained critically ill.[29] The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified H7N9 as "...an unusually dangerous virus for humans."[30] As of June 30, 133 cases have been reported, resulting in the deaths of 43.
Research regarding background and transmission is ongoing.[31] It has been established that many of the human cases of H7N9 appear to have a link to live bird markets.[32] As of July, there has been no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission, however a study group headed by one of the world’s leading experts on avian flu reported that several instances of human-to-human infection are suspected.[33] It has been reported that H7N9 virus does not kill poultry, which will make surveillance much more difficult. Researchers have commented on the unusual prevalence of older males among H7N9-infected patients.[34] While several environmental, behavioral, and biological explanations for this pattern have been proposed,[35] as yet, the reason is unknown.[36] Currently no vaccineexists, but the use of influenza antiviral drugs known as neuraminidase inhibitors in cases of early infection may be effective.[37]
The number of cases detected after April fell abruptly. The decrease in the number of new human H7N9 cases may have resulted from containment measures taken by Chinese authorities, including closing live bird markets, or from a change in seasons, or possibly a combination of both factors. Studies indicate that avian influenza viruses have a seasonal pattern, thus it is thought that infections may pick up again when the weather turns cooler in China.[38]
In domestic animals[edit]
Several domestic species have been infected with and shown symptoms of H5N1 viral infection, including cats, dogs, ferrets, pigs, and birds.[39]
Birds[edit]
Attempts are made in the United States to minimize the presence of HPAI in poultry through routine surveillance of poultry flocks in commercial poultry operations. Detection of a HPAI virus may result in immediate culling of the flock. Less pathogenic viruses are controlled by vaccination, which is done primarily in turkey flocks (ATCvet codes: QI01AA23 for the inactivated fowl vaccine, QI01CL01 for the inactivated turkey combination vaccine).[40]
Seals[edit]
Cats[edit]
Avian influenza in cats can show a variety of symptoms and usually lead to death. Cats are able to get infected by either consuming an infected bird or by contracting the virus from another infected cat.
Influenza prevention[edit]
People who have fewer chances to contact with birds do not belong to the high-risk group of HPAI. If people take precautions correctly and be more careful, the chance of infection will be very low, even among farmers.
In the aware of bird flu pandemic, people should have careful thought to adopt suitable Infection Control Procedures. Try to avoid flu infection in any situation will be necessary. Protecting eyes, nose, mouth and hands from virus particles will be a major priority because these are the most common passageways for a flu virus to transfer into the body.[42] Bird flu virus particles may also be transferred through clothing or even shoes. The final step is people should always have sanitized hands in order to further reduce the chances of cross-contamination. Any unprotected clothing or footwear should be disinfected. Avoid contact with poultry, and maintaining good personal hygiene is very important, too. Someone who has normal flu should be more careful in avoiding contact with fowl because the epidemic situation will become even more serious if the receptor protein of normal flu and the genes of Avian Flu combine with each other.[42]
In popular culture[edit]
An episode of Angry Birds Toons had the nickname of the disease and has the birds and pigs sick.
See also[edit]
H7N9
Global spread of H5N1
H5N1
Health crisis
Influenza
Influenzavirus A
Influenza pandemic
Influenza Genome Sequencing Project
Influenza research
Influenza vaccine
International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza
OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Avian Influenza
Pandemic Preparedness and Response Act
Subtypes of Influenza A virus
Transmission and infection of H5N1
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avian influenza.
Wikinews has related news:Six-year-old Egyptian boy contracts bird flu Wikinews has related news:Category:Avian FluInternationalUnited Nations System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza (UNSIC).
Avian Influenza and the Pandemic ThreatWorld Health Organisation (WHO)
WHO Avian influenza resource
The United Nation's World Health Organization's Avian Flu Facts Sheet for 2006[dead link]
In-depth analysis of bird flu Symptoms & in-depth analysis on avian fluFood and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
FAO Avian Influenza portal Information resources, animations, videos, photos
FAO Bird Flu disease cardWorld Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
Current status of HPAI worldwide at OIE. WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database
Disease card
Avian influenza resource By Dr. Nati Elkin - Atlases, vaccines and information.United States
PandemicFlu.Gov U.S. Government avian and pandemic flu information
CIDRAP Avian Flu Overview "Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Agricultural and Wildlife Considerations"
US Avian Influenza Response U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Avian influenza research and recommendations National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Influenza Research Database Database of influenza sequences and related information.
Wildlife Disease Information Node A part of the National Biological Information Infrastructure and partner of the NWHC, this agency collects and distributes news and information about wildlife diseases such as avian influenza and coordinates collaborative information sharing efforts.
Avian Influenza information AVMA - The American Veterinary Medical Association.
Species Profile- Avian Influenza (Orthomyxoviridae Influenza Type A, subtype H5N1), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Avian Influenza.
Strategic Health Communication for Avian and Pandemic Influenza Prevention Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs Global Program on Avian and Pandemic Influenza.
Avian Influenza: Critical Program Issues[dead link] Global Health Technical Brief on Avian Influenza.Europe
Health-EU Portal EU response to Avian Influenza.
Avian Influenza: Prevention and Control Proceedings of the Frontis workshop on Avian Influenza: Prevention and Control, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Avian Influenza: Questions & Answers[dead link] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control - Official website
FluTrop: Avian Influenza Research in Tropical Countries French Agricultural Research Center for Developing Countries (CIRAD), Avian Influenza website
Categories:
Animal virology
Bird diseases
Avian influenza
Poultry diseases
Agricultural health and safety
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