Radical Reconstruction (Post Civil War and Confederates)

Radical Reconstruction (Post Civil War and Confederates)





.Disfranchisement

ex-Confederates barred from voting

1. On the Disfranchisement of Ex-Confederates « Alexandria

   www.aleksandreia.com/.../on-the-disfranchisement-of-ex-confederates/‎

   Mar 17, 2013 - The next states to disfranchise ex-Confederates were Maryland, ... it only barred voting by former Confederate officeholders and legislators.[12].

2. The Era of Reconstruction (1865–1877) for AP U.S. History ...

   www.education.com/study-help/article/era-reconstruction-18651877/‎

    Rating: 3.6 - ‎20 votes

   Mar 4, 2011 - Reconstruction Act (1867): act placing Southern states under military rule and barring former supporters of the Confederacy from voting.

3. 1865 - 14th Amendment Site - HarpWeek

   14thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?...‎

   Mississippi became the first of the former Confederate states to enact a “Black ... in public, barring jury duty or court testimony against whites, and withholding  ...

4. Ironclad oath - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_oath‎

   It enabled a Republican coalition to come to power in ten Southern states during ... The oath was a key factor in the removing of ex-Confederates from the political ... Alabama and Arkansas banned only those ineligible to hold office under the  ...

5. Radical Reconstruction [ushistory.org]

   www.ushistory.org/us/35b.asp‎

   They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles ... A third clause barred ex-Confederates from holding state or national office.

6. On The Stump: Arkansas Politics 1819 -1919 - Old State House ...

   www.oldstatehouse.com/exhibits/arkansas-politics/menu5-b.asp‎

   The amendment, which would have granted African-Americans equal citizenship and contained other provisions barring ex-Confederates from holding political  ...

7. A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Volume 2, ...

   books.google.com/books?isbn=0547175604

   Carol Sheriff, ‎David W. Blight, ‎David M. Katzman - 2009 - ‎History

   They barred ex-Confederates from voting until freedmen could and outlined the rules for voter registration boards and the adoption of state constitutions.

8. A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Brief

   books.google.com/books?isbn=111180849X

   Carol Sheriff, ‎David M. Katzman, ‎David W. Blight - History

   They also passed four strident Reconstruction acts with strict and detailed plans for readmitting southern states to the Union. They barred ex-Confederates from  ...

9. A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Volume A, Brief

   books.google.com/books?isbn=1111785198

   Carol Sheriff, ‎David W. Blight, ‎David M. Katzman - History

   They also passed four strident Reconstruction acts with strict and detailed plans for readmitting southern states to the Union. They barred ex-Confederates from  ...

10. Sister States, Enemy States: The Civil War in Kentucky and Tennessee

    books.google.com/books?isbn=0813139228

    Kent Dollar, ‎Larry Whiteaker, ‎W. Calvin Dickinson - 2011 - ‎History

    Through a series of legislative acts, the governor and his radical followers barred ex-Confederates from voting or holding political office. Nonetheless, when  ...

    
    

    
    

    
    

    .Taxation 

    
    

    tax increases on the south without represenatation

    
    

    1. A Much Better High School U.S. History Textbook - Educational ...

       www.textbookreviews.org/nl_05_03.htm‎

       New state social spending – plus postwar re-building costs – tripled and quadrupled Southern state tax rates in 1870 compared to 1860, though the property-tax  ...

       
       

       ENLIGHTENED RADICALS, BIGOTED WHITES?

       Radical Reconstruction

       Southern white racism caused all the ills of Radical Reconstruction. Carpetbag state government corruption was just part of Gilded Age political culture.

         In fact, Radical Reconstruction involved many Constitutional conflicts unrelated to race.
       

       • Bill of attainder
         "40 acres and a mule" unconstitutionally punished the previous landowner without a trial.
       • Taxation without representation
         From 1867-71, an "iron-clad oath" disfranchised Southerners who had voluntarily aided the Confederacy. Meanwhile huge tax increases and soaring state debts far exceeded real value received. The personal impact of carpetbag corruption on Southerners eclipsed that of the Tweed and Grant scandals on Northerners. New state social spending – plus postwar re-building costs – tripled and quadrupled Southern state tax rates in 1870 compared to 1860, though the property-tax base had shrunken. 15% of Mississippi landowners could not pay these taxes and lost their land at one time.
       • Unfree elections/restriction on republican form of government
         Until 1872, the 14th Amendment prevented ex-Confederates from holding state or federal office if, before supporting the Confederacy, they had sworn to uphold the U.S. Constitution. This deprived the South of its natural leaders.
       • Standing army in peacetime without consent
         Under Radical Reconstruction, after the President formally declared the rebellion over and with ex-Confederate states unrepresented in Congress, the Army occupied the South.
       • No separation of powers
         Through their issuance of general orders, commanding generals in the five military districts under Radical Reconstruction combined executive, legislative, and judicial functions.
       • Juryless trials
         Peacetime military tribunals in the South during Radical Reconstruction lacked juries.
       • Partisan motives of Constitutional amendments
         The 14th Amendment assured Republican dominance, not black suffrage: the South could either enfranchise the freedman, increasing Republicans in Congress (the 13th Amendment had repealed the 3/5s Compromise); or it could disfranchise him and lose Democratic representation there. The 15th Amendment forbad disfranchisement by race only after Grant won in 1868 due to the freedmen's vote.
       • Extra-Constitutional amending process
         Ex-Confederate states had to ratify the 14th Amendment as if they were in the Union, but were unrepresented in the Congress that proposed it, as if they were not in the Union.

       
       

       
       

    
    

    The First Reconstruction of the 1860s did not achieve racial justice. The Second Reconstruction of the 1960s did. Unlike the former, the latter secured rights of blacks without violating those of whites (Educational Research Analysts 2013)